Organizational behavior - interpersonal skills and managerial roles Essay

Organizational behavior - interpersonal skills and managerial roles - Essay Example The four functions of management are planning, organizing, leading, and controlling. Planning implies setting objectives and identifies the actions that must be performed to achieve the objectives (Schermerhorn, et al. 2003). Organizing involves dividing work structures into individual tasks and arranging the organizational resources to accomplish those tasks. Leading refers to the act of creating enthusiasm among the workers so that they work hard to accomplish tasks successfully (Schermerhorn, et al. 2003). Controlling is related to the act of monitoring the performance of the employees and taking corrective action whenever necessary. All the managerial functions are equally important. An important interpersonal skill that a manager must possess is good communication skills. The manager must be good at both written and verbal communication. He must use verbal communication to inspire and motivate the workers to achieve a higher level of performance. Employees that are properly motivated by the manager are more productive. A manager can motivate an employee by using intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. An example of an intrinsic reward is telling an employee he did a good job on a task, while an example of an extrinsic reward is offering a financial incentive such as a bonus. Managers must be good active listeners. â€Å"To listen means we not only understand what you have to say, we can practically apply your thought process back to you† (Nelson, 1995). They must have great writing skills because managers are required to write reports for the different stakeholders group of the company which includes lenders, suppliers, investors, employees, government, and the board of directors. Three essential skills that a manager must possess are technical skill, human skill, and emotional intelligence. Human skills refer to the ability to work well with

Entrepreneurship choose one of two questions to write ) Essay

Entrepreneurship choose one of two questions to write ) - Essay Example They also take risks and engage other individuals in implementing ideas. The individuals who develop such ideas posses appropriate characteristics and behaviours for the development and success of a business. These qualities range from creativity, persistent, risk-taking, influence, time management and leadership qualities. An entrepreneur is responsible for the success of the business and any failures result to business closure or a reduction in profits. Various theories and laws define entrepreneurship in the economic world (Bygrave and Zacharakis, 2010). The resonant alternative entrepreneurship theories explain its various aspects including uniqueness, personality, and creativity. The alternative theories are also useful in explaining various elements that facilitate effective business development. The alternate arguments for entrepreneurship describe entrepreneurs and their involvement in business development. The theories focus on either individual entrepreneurs or recognition of opportunities. Most of the alternative assumptions reflect essential entrepreneurial phenomena such as the entrepreneur, the decision-making process and the nature of business opportunities (Alvarez, 2005). The alternative approach to entrepreneurship is an excellent avenue to establishing various elements regarding innovation and contemporary entrepreneurship. They are further useful in explaining the development of successful entrepreneurship characteristics. The alternative theories explain how the uniqueness of entrepreneurs influences their success in implementing business ideas. The applications and the impact of these theories reflect on the individual characteristics of entrepreneurs. The entrepreneurship alternative theories include the discovery and the creative theories (Bygrave and Zacharakis, 2010). The discovery theory entails discovery, existence and exploitation of opportunities, and individual influence. The theory comprises of three different

Should The Internet Be Regulated Media Essay

Should The Internet Be Regulated Media Essay Internet censorship has become a hot topic to discuss at various levels in the government as well as within private entities and individuals. This is the taking control of what can be accessed viewed or published through the net (Zuchora, 5). It has been argued as to who should be mandated with the responsibility of internet control. This may be approved by the government or private organizations. There may be also self censorship by individuals and private organizations for their own advantage such as morals, religious and business reasons. However much has been said that the government should take control of the information sent and received through the internet. Some of the motives why the government is prepared to take control are to conform to society norms, control intimidation among people and also spread of fear among people in any country (Zuchora, 5). According to Obama, the US president he said, we are going to promote new and better tools of communication so as people can be empowered and be free to connect with other people in the society and thus with security. The government is going to support a free and also open internet so that people have needed information to help them in making decisions. It is also time to embrace the power of internet and its impact to our community. Internet has been known to improve peoples communication as well as reduce the distance barrier among two communicating people. It has been known to impact every aspect of our lives from the way we are taught in school to the way we get news and even how we find and maintain friends. Internet has led to the invention of internet based system. The internet based systems are literally used in most businesses now. They have improved efficiency and effectiveness especially in the delivery of goods and services (Bidgoli, 25). Internet also improved the storage of data, we no longer have to use files as a way of storing data. This reduced the manual filing systems which was slow and insecure. This ultimately reduced the service time especially in hospitals, banks and all service industries. Over time, there have been differing opinions on the topic internet censorship. Arguments have been made both for and against the need for the government to censor the information flowing through the internet. The degree of censorship varies from one country to the other. Some may have highly strict internet censorship such as the Arabic countries i.e. Iran. On the other hand, other countries may have extremely little internet censorship such as USA. However, the government should not limit the extent and magnitude of access to the internet in any country. This is because through the internet people have been benefiting from it such as getting news, advertising in case of businesses. There are numerous benefits associated with the use of internet in the community. This explains why I am against the issue of government censoring the internet (Zuchora, 7). A good illustration is the case of Iran, there was a plan by the Iranian to switch the internet in the county into a domestic netwo rk that was supposed to improve security. The officials in charge argued about improving deliberate cyber attacks, but the Iranians took it as an initiative to filter information online. One of the main obstacles experienced in the community when government censors the internet is the denial of the freedom of speech to the people. Internet use has increased over the last decade. The internet is believed to contain all types of information one may require. Fear of chaos should not be used as the bases to deny people (internet users) the right to express themselves and their feeling. Hence it should not be used for unwarranted censorship of the speech. The supporters of censorship argue that they are protecting the society from abuse such as sexual materials and hate being spread over the internet. However, there have been no well laid bases to determine what is bad to the people. People should be allowed to express their views on any topic in the community. Through the internet, business entities have been able to market their products both locally and internationally. Moreover, due to the changing world where by, news is being broadcasted through the internet for qui ck access by the people, censorship might deny the right of people to know and contribute to the national matters (Marsden, 164). The internet users should be left with consent to conclude what is right and wrong for them. With Internet censorship, freedom of speech through the internet continues to be threatened. The government therefore has no mandate or right to censor speech on the internet as it cannot force the adults to hear what is good for children. Freedom of expression is a vital component in any successful community. Internet has provided one of the most effective and visible ways that the ordinary people make their opinions heard. For example, when the US government was planning about Iraq war, it is the bloggers who questioned the action and not the renowned media. This gave chance for anti war opponents to organize. If the government was to regulate the internet, the American people for example would lose an important toll to exercise their freedom of expression (Bidgoli, 264). In addition to freedom of speech, internet responsibility should be left on the hands of the parent. One of the main talking points is how much the children should access thought the internet. However, government censorship would hinder the access of information to the adult. The parents should be the one in control of what the childrens access or send through the internet. This would help control what the kids can access. Control of internet usage by the kids should be left within the parents hands as well as school administration. The two people are the ones who are direct contact with the children, and it will be much effective for them to control what kids accesses on the internet. It will be much effective for parents to be responsible for the internet among their children than the government taking control (Caso, 46). Finally, control of internet usage denies privacy to the citizens. Through the censorship, government may use the internet to deny privacy. New technology tools are developed now and then and may be used by the government to deny human right as well as deny peoples privacy. When it comes to monitoring the information sent and received the government interferes with peoples privacy and may end up victimizing. People should be allowed to have their privacy to access what they want through the internet. Through the surveillance of the internet, the movement threatens free flow of information and hence violating peoples privacy. However, despite the right to access information to the people, censorship is also needed to reduce the rate of moral degradation of the children. As far as the parents are concerned, they might not be able to monitor their children all the time; hence they access wrong information from the internet. On the other hand, internet can be used to fuel crashes between communities or countries hence it should be monitored to what extent does people use the internet. A lot of malicious actions can be done through the net and despite the freedom to information control is needed for the wrong intentions of people. Conclusion From the above discussed points on the internet usage among people, it is clear that the government should cease from censoring what is sent and received by people through the internet. This is because the internet including other communication technologies has formed unprecedented ways and opportunities to share information between people. The internet has also been of great benefit through the opening of paths for pro-democracy groups, journalist and individuals in all parts of the world whereby they have been able to hold government accountable for their actions. While it is true some people misuse the internet by committing crimes, it should not be taken as the reason to regulate the entire medium. The already existing laws are adequate to preserve law and order in the communities. Much has been discussed the topic, and it leaves to the decision of the internet users to argue for or against the topic. However I take the stand that the government should not be involved in censoring the internet.

The Banning Of e For Ecstasy By Nicholas Saunders :: essays research papers

The Banning of "E for Ecstasy" by Nicholas Saunders The book entitled E for Ecstasy, by Nicholas Saunders, is a book of history, information, and stories about the illegal drug ecstasy. The author presents a vast amount of information about many aspects of the drug such as the history of the invention of the drug, information about how the drug effects people in different ways, positive reasons to use the drug, side effects and negative reasons to use the drug, and an overview of how the drug has been accepted into various societal groups. A shipment of this book, which was published in England in 1994, was ceased by Australian customs agents in the spring of 1994 and has been banned in Australia ever since. The ban on this book is currently still in place and being upheld by the Australian government due to the way the book portrays the drug ecstasy in a primarily positive way. According to the author of the book, even anti-drug groups are opposed to the ban because they believe both sides of the story should be heard. As I read this book, at first I felt a temptation to try ecstasy due to the positive way in which the drug was described. After reading further into the text, however, much more detailed information about the drug is brought fourth. For example, the book associates use of ecstasy with the cultures of all kinds of illegal drugs. In my opinion, the ban should be lifted because the book does not just give the positive information about this drug. While the book does side towards the use of the drug, it does provide all kinds of interesting information and education including negative data about the drug. If information about drugs is kept in the dark, people will be tempted to seek information in potentially harmful ways. If information flows freely, however, people can usually be trusted to make smart choices. The latest twist to this otherwise traditional story is that the entire text of the book is now available on the Internet, as is the text of many other banned books.

Cultural Autobiography Essay

My name is Hanan Hassan, and I was born in September 21, 1992 in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. I am the eldest of nine children that consist of four girls including me and five boys. To most people I am an ordinary twenty- one year old who works and goes to school, but what most people don’t know is that I’m basically the second mother of my household. Even though my mother is alive and well, I was taught at a young age to take responsibility and to be responsible like an adult. Not only do I take care of my siblings, but I cook and clean and do everything my mother does, because I was raised to do those things easily without complain. Anyone who isn’t part of my family/friends would look at my life and think I have no freedom. But the way I was raised taught me to be an adult, yet act my age. When I look back at the past years, I was raised in three different cultures. My whole life consists of being raised in three different cultures, but most importantly, the culture I was born into is the one that I identify with the most. I say that because that’s who I am, and I am a Somali native. Although I have a different nationally, my ethnicity is who I am. Mostly, people nowadays cannot differentiate between the two. My nationality is where I was born in, and my ethnicity is who I am. As a child I struggled with both. I grew up in a town full of Arabs, and the only Somalians I actually interacted with were my family. In any event, if you don’t know much about your identity, you go into this crisis mode. Until I came to America, all I knew was that I was a Muslim and Somalian. There’s this need to know who you are, and where you come from, and every day you learn something new about your identity. When I came to America, there was a huge culture shock. For instance religiously, I grew up in countries where there was a mosque in every couple of blocks, and here the opposite were churches. Everywhere I looked was a church. It was a complete different atmosphere. In the Muslim countries, when it was time for prayer, you would be able to hear the entire mosques at once calling everyone to pray. And it was very weird not being able to hear the call for prayer time. But as month and years passed, I’ve gotten used to not hearing that. Not only was not hearing the call to prayer different, but holidays didn’t have the same effect as they used to. In the United States, when it’s turns winter, the festivities of the holidays begin. I don’t even  celebrate Christmas, but when everywhere you look at is lit up for Christmas, you feel part of a community. Since everyone around you is celebrating all these holidays, you feel as though you’re part of it. Whenever Eid comes around, it doesn’t feel the same way as it did as to when I was a child. For instance, when it was Ramadan time in Saudi Arabia, everyone used to get together to have big feasts. People would always stay up late and wait for the call of prayer, so that everyone can start fasting again. Also, shops would close early when it was time to eat. Families and friends would celebra te the whole month together, and go to the mosque together. Not only was everyone up, the whole city would be decorated and children would get gifts and monies from the elders, and it was just a beautiful time to be a kid. When you compare the American culture and the ones I grew up in as a child, they are completely different. The way we dress here, eat, family, religion, and everything else is different. For instance, in Saudi Arabia, the culture there is for women to cover up. Women are covered from head to toe. Majority of it is because the Saudi culture is influenced by religion, whereas in America everything is by choice. Our women in America have the choice to cover or not, and in Saudi Arabia, if women are not covered, there are consequences to pay. As child, I was able to wear whatever I wanted, because I was not a woman yet. I remember women not being able to drive, just for the fact that they’re women. Men were able to do anything they wanted, whereas women mostly stayed home. Mostly, women stayed home and took care of the family members. They did all the cleaning and cooking, whereas the man went to work and did all of the outside work. Not only did women stay home, they were also no t allowed to drive, which was a culture shock when I saw women driving in America and Egypt. I never really understood as to why women couldn’t drive a car, but it was illegal for them to do that. Women don’t have much say there, because the Saudi government uses religion as an excuse to minimize all of the rights women have. They say a woman shouldn’t drive, because her husband should be able to take her to wherever she pleases, but reality is no one is willing to do that. Additionally the problem wasn’t just the covering part; the problem was women’s rights being oppressed. And when you’ve lived in an environment like that it’s hard to get used to a new culture that established freedom among every individual. In addition, the cultures I was raised in required  me to cover up and to respect myself and the others around me. Both of my cultures are two cultures that heavily rely on religion. Sometimes it’s hard to separate what the religion requires and what your culture requires. Although, now some think both are one in the same, but people interpret each one differently. In other words, people put religion and culture in the same category. For example, my family is very conservative. Both of my parents come from strict families who take religion very seriously. Back in the 1980s and 1990s, religion was starting to develop in Somalia. When my mother was thirteen years old, people used to wear thin materials that practically show cased their whole body. And my grandmother used to have her hair out in an afro as wells as wearing pants. At that time, people didn’t criticize women for hanging out with their male friends. It was not a big deal in the culture. For this project I interviewed my mother, who as I got older, helped me learn more about my culture. Whenever my mother would tell me stories of her teen years, I would always complain about why she was so judgmental of how I dressed. In the interview, she explained to me that people didn’t know much about religion back when my grandmother was young. So there weren’t that many rules to enforce upon them, unlike us who are very much educated about religion. As my mother continued and talked more about our culture, I realized that my culture is influenced a lot by religion, but that doesn’t necessarily mean that every aspect about the culture comes from religion. Similarly, the school I went to, my neighbors, and everything that surrounded me consisted of religion. For instance, during the weekdays I went to school, and during the weekends I went to another school that was a religious study. Other than the American culture, the thing that ties a lot of people to their culture is religion, because I’ve learned over the years that a lot of cultures are strict because they mix their religion and culture together; so that it becomes easier for them to handle. Above all, when I came to America, I quickly learned to maneuver between the culture I was raised in and the culture that surrounded me. I’ve learned to manage between both, so that I don’t forget my roots, yet still manage to stay in the one I came into. It’s tough maintaining between both, because they’re both so completely different. In the American culture, I learned to be independent and to voice my opinions, so that I can live the life I want. In contrast, in my culture, I wouldn’t be able to voice out my  opinion so easily and openly. In essence, looking back in my life, I realized that the cultures I was raised in have shaped my life and made me the person I am today. Although there are many things that I personally don’t agree with in each culture, at the end there the reason I have grown into the open mined human being I am. Each culture has its positives and negatives. In the Saudi culture, I learned responsibility at a young age, but it was a lesson well learned, because you don’t see a lot of twenty- one year olds who are so aware of their life and the choices they make. Moreover, I learned that being multicultural teaches you and gives you the opportunity to look at life differently. Most people grow up in one culture, and they only have the views they’re presented to them. But moving around, taught me that there are other ways to look at this world. Every culture has an opinion on how this world should function, and being able to represent few cultures gives me the opportunity to voice out an opinion that has some background roots to it. I not only represent the culture I was born into, but I represent that ones I was raised into. I’m not only multicultural educated, but I’m also multilingual. Being raised and exploring other cultures also gave me the chance to speak more than one language. In addition, I speak three languages: Arabic, English, and Somali. Over the years, I’ve struggled with figuring out who I am, because unlike everyone else I didn’t grow up in one place. That may seem like a downside, but I gained values and lessons that I can carry throughout my life. I gained cultural experience between the cultures, and I gained religious knowledge, and lastly I gained how to communicate with individuals outside my culture. With all of that, I gained the knowledge of knowing who I am, and where I’m from. We don’t know how tied where are to our roots and ethnicities until you learn to explore other cultures around you. There are people around us that are so close minded of the world, and what it offers that they continue to purse being ignorant of others around them. If we pursue our surrounding and environments, we begin to go on a road full of fulfillment that leads to discovering more about our inner selves.

I know why the caged bird sings by Maya Angelou and Ego Tripping by Nikki Giovanni Essays

I know why the caged bird sings by Maya Angelou and Ego Tripping by Nikki Giovanni Essays I know why the caged bird sings by Maya Angelou and Ego Tripping by Nikki Giovanni Paper I know why the caged bird sings by Maya Angelou and Ego Tripping by Nikki Giovanni Paper Essay Topic: I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Literature Maya Angelou Poems Nikki Giovanni Poems I am going to compare two poems called I know why the caged bird sings By Maya Angelou and Ego Tripping By Nikki Giovanni. Both of these poems are about wanting to be free and what they went through their life, however each of the poems has its own perspective, I know why the caged bird sings is rather in a more negative mood because it is saying she wants to be free, Ego Tripping is more positive because she is saying how free she is and how good her life is. To start I will analyse I know why the caged bird sings By Maya Angelou. In the poem Maya Angelou is talking about black people being trapped and have no say, She betray them by bird trapped in a cage with no speech, The poem mentions Problems she faces throughout her life, and says its no different being free or not because she cant do anything. Caged Bird is a poem about freedom. The free bird symbolizes a person from the white society, and the caged bird symbolizes a person from the black society. In the first stanza, the free bird is described. leaps, floats, dares, claim are used to describe the free bird, which indicates how courageous, powerful and arrogant it is. The second stanza starts with a But, which immediately awakens negative feelings. The words used to describe the caged bird are stalks, clipped and tied, the bird is not able to do what it wants. Also, in the second stanza, unexpectedly the caged bird opens his throat to sing. This action is very ironic, as normally you sing when you are happy, and we expect the free bird to do that. However, the song doesnt have a happy tune. Its a desperate cry for freedom. Theres a description of the cage that the bird is in, bars of rage. It shows similarities to being in a prison. There are no descriptions of the caged birds own point of view, of things unknown but longed for still. He cant see, he doesnt know. The free bird almost takes things for granted, dips his wing in the orange suns rays. Nevertheless, the caged bird can appreciate them. In the third stanza, trill, hill and still, heard and bird do rhyme. Rhyme tries to create a pattern, a neatness. Perhaps like the cage that contains the bird that wants to break free. The birds Life is repentant, maybe thats why theres a rhyme. Another pattern in the poem is between the stanzas: free bird, caged bird, refrain about caged bird; free bird, caged bird, refrain about caged bird. The refrain along with the phrase caged bird repeated in the beginning of all the stanzas which are about the caged bird, are for emphasis. It gives a feeling of how desperate he is. In the fourth stanza, the lines start to get Longer. This may be Linked to having more space to move, and therefore freedom- as it talks about the free bird. In the 3rd and 4th Lines, lawn and own are par rhymes, and own is Like a faint echo of the sound. In the 5th stanza, the Longer Lines may be Linked with the possibility of the bird being free. The words used to describe both the free and the caged bird almost sound the same, but they are different. Perhaps it reflects the two birds that are different whilst the caged bird wants to be Like the free bird. In the last stanza the first couple of lines are saying how the black people wish for freedom and people far away know that they are wishing to be free. In the last line she writes for the cadged bird sings for freedom this is a catchy ending people the reader remembers that most, the audience get told that several times so it is constantly being thrown at them The themes in this poem are freedom, unfairness, slavery and isolation. It may be Linked with gender, individuals, adults Limiting the youth, racial inequality, someone in prison or social oppression. The second poem I am going to compare I know why the caged bird sings with is called Ego Tipping by Nikki Giovanni. The poem is about how a black woman comparing herself to the Gods. She is saying that no one is better than her and she controls everything. This is saying that if your black or white you should be as free and as equal as each other and that everyone on earth should have the same rights and opportunities. In the first stanza she is writing about where she was born and how she grew up, she says i was born in Congo this could mean was bought up in Congo and was born there, Also the first three lines all Start with I this is very repetitive, Nikki Giovanni does this to tell the reader and give them a strong impression on things about her, I walked to the Fertile Crescent and built the sphinx this is referring to the slaves that built the sphinx, and how she is classed the same as them, and still they can make good things. She says I am bad, this is short, blunt and effective. It gets the point across that not everyone likes her, and may have done something wrong before. I sat on the throne, drinking nectar with Allah this line is very Strong and meaningful, as she is classing herself high enough to drink nectar with a god, Nectar was a very expensive thing at the times when she wrote this poem so she is saying there is nothing she cannot have. I got hot and sent an ice age to Europe this line shows that she is powerful and can do anything she wants, but selfish, as sending an ice age to Europe would kill millions of people, She is referring that she is controlling the earth and natural disasters. The tears from my birth pains created the Nile, she is now saying she is big and important she creates all the landmarks too. The second short sentence in the poem is I am beautiful this sentence is straight to the point and it also shows that she is proud of herself and she thinks that she is a perfectionist, But however this can also means that she is ugly so she is trying to look better by saying she looks beautiful. In the next stanza she is talking about how she created parts of the earth like she says I gazed onto the forest and burned out the Sahara desert. the time that the poem was written in religions was a big part of peoples lives they believe in god and now Nikki Giovanni is saying she is every god. n stanza five she mentions My son Noah built an ark and I stood proudly at the helm this means that she has given birth to a man who saved the animals, She also says My bowels deliver uranium she is now boasting and saying that even her wastes everyone craves for and it is expensive. The last stanza Nikki Giovanni says I am so perfect so divine so surreal. I cannot be comprehended without my permission. I mean I can fly, like a bird in the sky she says this to tell the ready she is everywhere she is so perfect she cannot make mistakes. The two poems that I have analysed are both very similar in topic but they have different view points towards it, I know why the caged bird sings is more sad and depressing, whereas Ego Tripping is more happy and joyful. The first poem shows how black people get treated badly and being discriminated and then the whites gets all the freedom. The second poem is opposite to the first one because she is saying she is god there is nothing she cant do and she is a African American, This shows is feels free and unlike before they had no freedom.

The Values of Freedom and Liberty

The Values of Freedom and Liberty Free Online Research Papers Throughout the course of the development of western civilization, there have been varying amounts of political changes and revolutions that have come to shape the world as we know it. Topics that were of importance in the past are still just as important to take into consideration during the present day, and lay out a groundwork on which we can continue to build upon in order to help our modern society avoid problems that have risen in the past. Although there are a number of themes that can be derived from the historical evaluation of western culture, it is most important to look at the theme of freedom and equality, and how the prominence (or lack thereof) has been changing since way back in the past, and how it continues to change into the present day. During the Age of Enlightenment, changes in thinking began to develop. People were starting to look at things from a more critical viewpoint, as well as beginning to think for themselves. Due to this sudden emergence of individual thought, there came a more heavy emphasis on the issues of freedom and equality. People began to question the things that were going on around them, and dissatisfaction was commonplace at this time. It is not as though the points of freedom and equality were not present in the past. This was just a time when people were beginning to come out from the overbearing shell of their corrupt government, and exercising their right to be heard. People were beginning to see that they had a right to equality, and the freedom to say what they needed to say. Due to this, there was also a surfacing of philosophes and individuals that had no qualms of discoursing, such as Francois Marie Arouet, famously known as Voltaire. He spoke very freely, criticizing matters of government and religion in a very sarcastic and satirical way. For example, his book â€Å"Candide†, writing with a sordid, mocking tone, made use of it’s characters (such as Professor Pangloss and Cunegonde) to fully satirize the concept of religion at the time. Although his portrayals of society were not always appreciated, they characterized the freedom of speech that the citizens were beginning to enjoy about that time. One of the targets of Voltaire’s criticisms was the actions taken in the Calas case, as well as the execution of Damien. The horrendous amount of torture that was inflicted upon these alleged perpetrators is a gleaming example of the lack of freedom that people really had at that time. Voltaire was explicit in expressing his grievous distaste for this type of corporal punishment that the government employed. However, from these courses of events, the â€Å"Declaration of the Rights of Man† was drafted, attempting to promote the three basic values that the French Revolution was based upon: Freedom, equality, and fraternity. However, even this document was not immune to the perpetuation of inequality based on the usage of the language in the document. Based on the wording, this document favored those with a higher standing or social status, and focused on the great disparity between the classes. The original document maintained that separation, and was unfairly writ ten to favor the upper class. However, through the amendment of article IV, which was changed to state that â€Å"†¦it must be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes† and also that â€Å"All citizens, being equal before it are equally admissible to all public offices†¦and employments, according to their capacity, and without other distinction than that of virtues and talents†, more equality was established. Developments continued to occur during this time, including the instigation of the Industrial Revolution in Europe. Great transformations were occurring, as well as women becoming able to go and work in the factories. However, despite the write up of the â€Å"Declaration of Rights of Man† and the changes that were being undertaken, there was still distrust harbored in the government at this time. John Stuart Mill, in his work â€Å"On Liberty†, talks about the conflict between â€Å"Liberty and Authority†, or rather, the struggle between the rights of the people and the actions of the government. He characterizes the same points that I had mentioned about the Age of Enlightenment and the emergence of the voice of the individual, saying that a point came â€Å"†¦in the progress of human affairs, when men ceased to think it a necessity of nature that their governors should be an independent power, opposed in interest to themselves†. Within this time period of the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution in Europe, freedom and equality are two very important ideas that need to be taken into consideration when determining the health and functioning of a society. However, these continue to be important and ever changing continuing on through western civilizations historical past. With the materialization of nationalism and the unification of states, the existence and lack of freedom and equality continually affects the societies at the time. From century to century, new developments, such as changes in political structure including anarchical overthrows if tyrannical governments continue to change the ever-fluid opinions and beliefs on what freedom and equality are, and the manifestations of such within the sociological sphere. Uprising revolutions of the 1840s, colonialism and imperialism of Europe, and the coming of the second industrial revolution are all factors that affect the stances of the ever changing ideas of freedom and equality. The 1840s were a time of revolution, particularly within the European Nations. Countries were reclaiming their heritage and their sense of unity. Nationalism was becoming a driving factor in the reasoning behind these revolutions. Nationalistic sentiment was taking European societies, causing explosions in all places where dissatisfaction with political agenda was brewing. During this time, freedom and equality were very important to those involved. This point was a step towards working towards a less monarchistic way of government for all, and rebuilding the ineffective governments in countries where the political processes were not conducive to the happiness of the common people. In our Western Civilization textbook, for example, Giuseppe Mazzini, trying to incite the unification of the Italian nations, attempted to cause an â€Å"awakening of the Italian people and of the common people’s mission to bring republicanism to the world† . Wikipedia defines republicanism as the â€Å"ideology of governing a nation as a republic, with an emphasis on liberty, rule by the people, and the civic virtue practiced by citizens†. It is very clear that heavy emphasis on freedom and liberty for all is a very important value during these times. However as colonial and imperialistic times began to descend, things changed drastically. During the â€Å"new† imperialistic and colonial times, the weight of the value of freedom and equality was not as significant. To further explain, it seems as though freedom and equality were important to the Europeans, but they did not believe that all people aside from them deserved these things. For example, it is true that it was within the self interest and benefit of the Europeans to go out and explore, conquer and convert. Rudyard Kipling, in his poem â€Å"The White Man’s Burden†, delves into this topic, believing in the civilizing and â€Å"westernizing† mission of the colonialists. The poem implies that it is for the good of all mankind when It states that â€Å"By open speech and simple/ And hundred times made plain/ To seek another’s profit/ And work another’s gain†, as though they may be taking from one, but in the end working toward the betterment of them as well. Although it has been said that the explorers and settlers were on missions due to their belief that prosperity for them meant economic and developmental gains for other parts of the world, it is accurate to say that this was not necessarily the case. Written 20 years later, Edmund D. Morel piece of work entitled â€Å"The Black Man’s Burden†, which criticized the imperialistic tendencies of Europe at the sacrifice of the indigenous people, showed how detrimental the colonialism of this time period was for the future of Africa. It seems as though it was a time of independence and freedom in Europe, but a time of domination and subjugation for any man, woman, or country that ended up in its warpath. In the coming of the second industrial revolution, the sentiment became more inwardly directed as opposed to the external, outwardly, conquistador-like sentiment that was present for a period of time. Therefore, there was a very heavy focus and high public opinion about the values of freedom and equality. During this time, due to the changes and progressions in the industrial sector, new ways of thinking and viewpoints began to emerge. For example, with the introduction of the â€Å"Manifesto of the Communist Party†, communism was born. From the viewpoint of Marx, this was something that granted freedom from the doomed political structure that the society was currently built upon. To him it was a better plan, built upon breaking down the disparity between the classes, and empowering the working class. Marx was very cynical about the outcome of capitalism, and saw failure within its own basic structure. Revolutions, imperialism and colonialism, and industrialization are all factors that changed and skewed the manifestation of freedom and equality in the past. Changes in political structure and conflict between the classes and government were strong driving factors in influencing public opinion. Many times, the differential in the importance of these two things were reflected in the governmental sphere. These things are all important to note so that similar mistakes are not made again. This continues to be reflected onward through the course of western civilization. After the first world war, things were kind of in disarray around the globe. Due to bad economic health in various countries, and an increase in social conflict, things did not appear to be going to well for democracy. In the Soviet Union, under the rule of Lenin militarism was rising again, but the New Economic Policy allowed for the peasant to live in a somewhat capitalistic framework; being able to own their own land and trade, with the addition of fixed taxes. However, with the rise of Stalin, a severe dictatorship once again arose in the USSR. Collectivization completely reversed the freedom of privatization that Lenin had allowed, and the â€Å"Great Terror† destroyed important elements of the Soviet Union and killed and imprisoned many civilians. The freedom that Lenin had allowed his citizens was completely taken away. However, this was not the only place that this would occur. Mussolini was the leader of the Italian Fascist movement. Fascism is defined as the centralization of power around an authoritative leader. Although he was taking away the freedom of his people, Mussolini defended himself by saying that he had saved the country from economic ruin. In his work â€Å"Born of a Need for Action†, Mussolini sums it all up within the first section of his writing by saying that â€Å"Fascism was not the nursling of a doctrine worked out beforehand with a detailed elaboration: it was born of the need for action and it was itself from the beginning practical rather than theoretical†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . He acknowledges taking away the aspect of freedom and equality within his society, saying that â€Å"†¦Fascism denies, in democracy, the absurd conventional untruth of political equality dressed out in the garb of collective irresponsibility, and the myth of â€Å"happiness† and indefinite progress†. For the betterment of the country, people needed to sacrifice themselves in order to help stimulate their motherland. However, this type of dictatorship did not end there. One of the most poignant events that deal with freedom and equality is the rise of Nazism in Germany. The dictatorship that Adolph Hitler led was in great violation of the values of freedom and equality. However, his persecution of the Jewish people was the most blatant act of disregard to these two virtues. In his work â€Å"Mein Kampf†, Hitler talks about the poisoning of the Aryan race by the â€Å"degenerate† Jewish people. He lays out the many ways that he believes the Jewish people are inferior, as well as saying that â€Å"†¦the Jew possesses no culture-creating energy whatsoever, as the idealism, without which there can never exist a genuine development of man towards a higher level, does not and never did exist in him†. He goes on to say that â€Å"His intellect, therefore, will never have a constructive effect, but only a destructive one†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Voicing these ridiculously skewed statements, Hitler continued on with his extermination o f the Jewish people. He continuously had them rounded up, shipped off to camps, and then eliminated. The Jewish people had no say, no voice in any of this, living in a society where an authoritarian dictator was deciding their fate. The emergence of the Second World War is also very significant in the issue of freedom and equality. After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, Japanese-Americans, under Executive Order 9066, were ordered into internment camps all along the western coast. This was quite obviously in direct violation of their freedom. However, much worse then that was the dropping of the atomic bomb on the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Although it may possibly be based upon the matter of personal opinion, I believe that the dropping of the bomb violated the human rights of the thousands of innocent Japanese citizens that were mercilessly destroyed by these atomic weapons. The United States and all these other countries at war due to the fact that they were trying to preserve their own freedoms, and what they believe to be their own rights in the name of equality. However, the dropping of the bomb was a direct statement against those basic principles. Just as in the times of imperialism and colonia lism, the dropping of the bomb constituted the rights of the United States, but complete disregard for anyone else beyond that. Although people try to justify this act and defend it, it was not necessary. While the two bombs did speed the ending of the war, the sacrifices that were made in the process were not worth it in the end. With the beginning of the anti-colonialist movements, the importance of freedom and equality seem to make a reemergence, such as in the cases of the Chinese revolution, and the decolonization of India. The latter is one of the most important times for historical India, signifying a time for the Indian people that they had actually achieved freedom from British rule for the first time. The nonviolent movements that Mohandas Gandhi led were revolutionary and without them, the Indian people would never have seen peace. For many many years, India had been colonized by Britain. Everything that was produced in India was all property of the British, and there was nothing that the country could do in order to try and build up their homeland due to this reason. With Gandhi working on their side, the Indian people were eventually able to reclaim their land, and begin to establish themselves as an individual nation. Freedom and equality are two very important themes that reoccur in different degrees throughout the course of western civilization. From the beginning of the French Revolution, to the start of the second coming of the Industrial revolution; From the rise of Nazism to the explosion of the Second World War, freedom and equality have teetered back and forth on the scale of justice, affecting societies and countries alike. It is not enough to acknowledge the disparities that have occurred throughout the course of history. It does not do us any good to just read about the atrocities that have gone on. What needs to happen is the growth of an awareness of the wrongs in the past, and what caused these things to happen. It is very important that lessons are learned from each chapter, and we do not make the same mistakes that we have made in our historical past. This is the only way that we will be able to positively affect and shape our own future. Research Papers on The Values of Freedom and Liberty19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraQuebec and CanadaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementCapital PunishmentRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite Religion